Which statement best defines social determinants of health, with examples?

• A. Genetic makeup alone determines health
• B. Only individual lifestyle choices
• C. Healthcare system quality alone
• D. Conditions shaping health outcomes such as income, education, housing, access to care, social support, and discrimination

Answer: (D)

Social determinants of health are the non-medical conditions in the environments where people are born, grow, work, and age that influence health outcomes. Examples include income and poverty level, educational attainment, housing quality and stability, access to health services, social support networks, and experiences of discrimination. These factors shape people’s exposure to health risks and their ability to obtain resources that support well-being, helping explain health disparities beyond biology or individual choices. While genetics, personal lifestyle, and the quality of medical care matter, they don’t fully capture the broader social and economic context that drives health differences. Recognizing these determinants helps nurses assess needs, plan holistic interventions, and advocate for equitable access to care.